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Get Started with nftables
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nftables replaces the successful iptables and its related frameworks built on Netfilter. With nftables come improvements to performance and usability, but also significant changes to syntax and usage. Use this guide to get started learning about what nftables is and how it differs from iptables. Follow along with this guide’s example to implement your own rules in nftables and get a hands-on idea of what it can do.
What are nftables?
nftables is a Linux packet classification framework that replaces the Netfilter infrastructure behind iptables, ip6tables, arptables, and ebtables. Frameworks using the legacy Netfilter infrastructure are being phased out of the major Linux distributions. These frameworks have begun to adopt nftables as the default packet classification framework.
Despite the ubiquity of iptables, its architecture has several underlying limitations and inefficiencies, and these could only be resolved with a fundamental redesign. That redesign is what nftables set out to accomplish.
nftables vs. iptables
nftables keeps some of the familiar parts of the Netfilter infrastructure and iptables. As with iptables, nftables still uses the tables, chains, and rules hierarchy — tables containing chains, and chains containing rules. While nftables change the command-line syntax, it maintains a compatibility layer that allows you to run iptables commands over the nftables kernel.
nftables also introduce significant changes in usage from iptables. For one, as mentioned above, the command-line syntax for nftables is different. What follows are additional notable differences between nftables and iptables.
- Unlike iptables, nftables do not have predefined tables or chains, which goes toward improving performance.
- In nftables, rules can take multiple actions, as opposed to iptables’ limitation to a single action per rule.
- nftables comes with an
inet
address family that allows you to easily create tables that apply to both IPv4 and IPv6. - nftables’ ruleset is represented by a dynamic linked list, which improves the ruleset’s maintainability compared to iptables’ monolithic blob ruleset.
Additionally, nftables’ generic set infrastructure opens new options for structuring your ruleset, even allowing for multidimensional “tree” structures. You can use this to significantly reduce the number of rules queried to determine appropriate action for a packet.
How to Install nftables
You do not need to install nftables if you are using one of the following distribution releases or later:
- Debian 10 (Buster)
- Ubuntu 20.10 (Groovy Gorilla)
- CentOS 8
- Fedora 32
Otherwise, you can manually install nftables using the following steps. These steps work for Debian 9, Ubuntu 18.04, and CentOS 7, and later releases of these distributions.
Before You Begin
If you have not already done so, create a Linode account and Compute Instance. See our Getting Started with Linode and Creating a Compute Instance guides.
Follow our Setting Up and Securing a Compute Instance guide to update your system. You may also wish to set the timezone, configure your hostname, create a limited user account, and harden SSH access.
sudo
. If you’re not familiar with the sudo
command, see the Linux Users and Groups
guide.Installation Steps
Install nftables.
On Debian and Ubuntu distributions, use the command:
sudo apt install nftables
On CentOS distributions, use the command:
sudo yum install nftables
Enable and start the nftables service.
sudo systemctl enable nftables sudo systemctl start nftables
If you have rules in iptables that you would like to preserve, install the
iptables-nftables-compat
tool. Then, export your iptables rules, translate them, and import them into nftables.sudo apt install iptables-nftables-compat sudo iptables-save > iptables.dump sudo iptables-restore-translate -f iptables.dump > ruleset.nft sudo nft -f ruleset.nft
You can verify the import by getting a list of tables now in nftables.
sudo nft list tables
How to Use nftables
This section breaks down each of the major components in nftables, providing their most useful commands. At the end of this guide, you can find a demonstration of how to set up a working ruleset and see it in action.
Tables
Tables are the highest level of the nftables hierarchy. A given table corresponds to a single address family and contains chains that filter packets in that address family.
To create a table, use the example command. Replace
example_table
below and in subsequent examples, with a descriptive name for the table.sudo nft add table inet example_table
Here,
inet
identifies the address family for the table. Refer to the nftables documentation on address families for a complete list of supported address family identifiers. Theinet
option used here is also used in subsequent examples where an address family is called for.As you can see in subsequent commands, any time you refer to a table, you should include the table’s address family before the table name.
You can list existing tables with the following command. Remember that nftables do not come with predefined tables, so the list only has the tables you have added.
sudo nft list tables
To delete a table, use the command:
sudo nft delete table inet example_table
You can also “flush” a table. This deletes every rule in every chain attached to the table. For older Linux kernels (before 3.18), you have to run the command below before you are allowed to delete the table.
sudo nft flush table inet example_table
Chains
Chains live under tables and filter packets. You attach each nftables rule to a chain so that packets “caught” in the chain’s filter are subsequently passed to the chain’s rules.
Chains can be of two kinds. Base chains act as entry points for packets coming from the network stack. Regular chains do not act as filters, but can act as jump targets. They can help with controlling the flow and organization of your nftables.
To create a base chain, use a command like the example command below. Replace
example_chain
, here and later, with a descriptive chain name.sudo nft add chain inet example_table example_chain '{type filter hook input priority 0; }'
Refer to the nftables documentation on configuring chains for a list of support types and hooks. Supported types and hooks vary according to the address family of the table the chain operates on.
In the example above, the
input
hook matches incoming packets addressed to the local system, while thefilter
type has the chain filter all matching packets. The “priority” (0
above) determines the order in which chains are processed on a given hook; chains with lower priority values get processed first.To create a regular chain, the command is similar to the one used for a base chain above. However, the command for creating a regular chain lacks the portion with the
type
,hook
, andpriority
.sudo nft add chain inet example_table example_chain
Because regular chains lack hooks, they do not receive packets automatically. Instead, they rely on rules using the jump or goto action to relay packets to them. When this occurs, the regular chain processes packets just as a base chain does.
Generally, the point in doing this is organizational. You can create a “tree” of base and regular chains, allowing you to control the arrangement and flow of your nftables ruleset.
To delete a chain, use the command:
sudo nft delete chain inet example_table example_chain
To flush a chain, use a command like the following. As with tables, it may be necessary to flush a chain before you can delete it on older Linux kernels.
sudo nft flush chain inet example_table example_chain
Rules
Rules receive the packets filtered by chains and take actions on them based on whether they match particular criteria. Each rule consists of two parts, which follow the table and chain in the command. First, the rule has zero or more expressions which give the criteria for the rule. Second, the rule has one or more statements which determine the action or actions taken when a packet matches the rule’s expressions. Both expressions and statements are evaluated from left to right. See the following example for adding a rule to get a breakdown of these two parts.
To create a rule, use a command similar to the example. This rule takes packets from the
example_chain
and allows those representing TCP traffic on port 22:sudo nft add rule inet example_table example_chain tcp dport 22 counter accept
Here, the
tcp dport 22
portion contains the rule’s two expressions. It matches TCP packets and then matches when those packets are directed to port 22.The
counter accept
portion contains the rule’s two statements. First, matched packets add to the rule’s counter, keeping a running count of packets matched by the rule. Second, matched packets are then accepted.Be aware that verdict commands, such as
accept
anddrop
, end processing of the rule, so they should be placed at the rule’s end.
The above command adds a rule to the end of a chain. Packets progress through a chain’s rules from beginning to end and cease to be processed when they match and are acted on. To add the rule to the beginning of a chain, replace
add
withinsert
in the above command.You can also specify the position for a rule within a chain. The following adds the rule after an existing rule in position 3. To add the new rule before position 3, replace
add
withinsert
.sudo nft add rule inet example_table example_chain position 3 tcp dport 22 counter accept
You can use a command like the example to list all chains and rules living in the
example_table
:sudo nft list table inet example_table
Similarly, you can use a command like the example to list all of the rules within
example_chain
in theexample_table
.sudo nft list chain inet example_table example_chain
To delete a rule, use a command like the following:
sudo nft delete rule inet example_table example_chain handle 2
Here, the handle is an identifier for the rule you are deleting. You can get a rule’s handle by using the
-a
option when running the command for listing rules, as in:sudo nft list table inet example_table -a
Example nftables Usage
Below, you can follow along to create a ruleset. The example ruleset uses an inet
table, two chains — one for incoming packets and the other for outgoing — and a rule for each chain.
Create a table,
inet-table
.sudo nft add table inet inet-table
Create a chain for filtering outgoing packets,
output-filter-chain
.sudo nft add chain inet inet-table output-filter-chain '{ type filter hook output priority 0; }'
Add a rule to the chain for counting packets destined for
8.8.8.8
.sudo nft add rule inet inet-table output-filter-chain ip daddr 8.8.8.8 counter
Create another chain, this one for filtering incoming packets, and add a rule to it to count TCP packets targeting port 3030.
sudo nft add chain inet inet-table input-filter-chain '{ type filter hook input priority 0; }' sudo nft add rule inet inet-table input-filter-chain tcp dport 3030 counter
Verify the setup by listing the chains and rules within the table.
sudo nft list table inet inet-table
You should get output similar to the following:
table ip inet-table { chain output-filter-chain { type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept; ip daddr 8.8.8.8 counter packets 0 bytes 0 } chain input-filter-chain { type filter hook input priority 0; policy accept; tcp dport 3030 counter packets 0 bytes 0 } }
Test the two rules out.
From the machine running nftables, ping the destination address specified in the first rule.
ping -c 1 8.8.8.8
From a remote machine, attempt to connect to the nftables machine via the port specified in the second rule. In this example, replace
192.0.2.0
with the IP address for the machine running nftables.curl 192.0.2.0:3030
Run the list command again, and this time your output should resemble the following:
table ip inet-table { chain output-filter-chain { type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept; ip daddr 8.8.8.8 counter packets 1 bytes 84 } chain input-filter-chain { type filter hook input priority 0; policy accept; tcp dport 3030 counter packets 1 bytes 64 } }
You should see that each rule has now logged a packet in its counter, confirming that the chains and rules have successfully caught and handled the traffic.
More Information
You may wish to consult the following resources for additional information on this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will be useful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness of externally hosted materials.
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