How to Use JMeter to Load Test Your Applications
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Apache’s JMeter offers a robust and portable open source solution for load testing. JMeter can measure the performance of web applications and provide insights about the kinds of loads they can handle.
Through this tutorial, learn more about load testing and how to get started using JMeter to load test web applications.
Before You Begin
If you have not already done so, create a Linode account and Compute Instance. See our Getting Started with Linode and Creating a Compute Instance guides.
Follow our Setting Up and Securing a Compute Instance guide to update your system. You may also wish to set the timezone, configure your hostname, create a limited user account, and harden SSH access.
sudo. If you’re not familiar with the sudo command, see the Users and Groups guide.The commands, file contents, and other instructions provided throughout this guide may include example values. These are typically domain names, IP addresses, usernames, passwords, and other values that are unique to you. The table below identifies these example values and explains what to replace them with:
| Example Values: | Replace With: |
|---|---|
| EXAMPLE_USER | The username of the current user on your local machine. |
| apache-jmeter-5.6.2 | The actual version of JMeter you download, if different. |
What Is Load Testing?
Load testing is a type of performance testing used specifically to ensure that web applications perform effectively under projected usage loads. Load tests help anticipate application performance and resource needs, which can aid in finding the best solutions for an uninterrupted user experience.
Load tests most often use test plans to model both normal and peak traffic along with typical user behavior. From there, the load test should provide metrics on response times, resource usage, and more.
The data gathered from load tests can be invaluable. It can show whether your infrastructure is enough to handle the expected traffic, or if you have more resources than you actually need.Using load testing to fine-tune your infrastructure and allocated resources can ensure more consistent user experiences and save money.
Why Use JMeter?
Apache JMeter is an open source load testing tool built entirely in Java. It’s widely used, relatively easy to get started with, and serves as robust option for measuring and analyzing web application performance under various loads. It’s also open source, which makes it both accessible and price efficient, all while having the community support that comes with a popular open source solution.
How to Install JMeter
JMeter should be installed on the machine from which you want to run tests, not necessarily the machine running the application you want tested. Additionally, JMeter strongly prefers using its GUI to create test plans, so whatever system it’s installed on should have GUI access.
Install Java. Java version 8 or higher is required for JMeter. Use one of the following methods to install Java on your system:
Oracle provides installation documentation for installing its version of Java on a variety of systems. Download the corresponding installation files through Oracle’s Java downloads page.
Install the OpenJDK, an open source alternative to Oracle’s JDK. Follow the instructions on the OpenJDK installation page to install OpenJDK on your system.
Note You can install the OpenJDK conveniently on macOS through the Homebrew package manager, using the openjdk formula. Those on newer Apple Silicon-based models may need this additional line of code:
macOSsudo ln -sfn /opt/homebrew/opt/openjdk/libexec/openjdk.jdk /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/openjdk.jdk
Download the JMeter binaries package from the Apache JMeter download page.
This tutorial uses the zip file with the binaries for JMeter 5.6.2. If you download a different version be sure to replace the naming throughout this guide with the appropriate version.
Optional: To verify the file, use the link for the SHA512 corresponding to your download. Then follow the commands in the Checking Hashes section of Apache’s documentation on verifying Apache software.
Extract the downloaded package to a directory you want your JMeter instance installed to. This tutorial assumes that you extract the package to your current user’s home directory (e.g.
/home/EXAMPLE_USER/apache-jmeter-5.6.2orC:\Users\EXAMPLE_USER\apache-jmeter-5.6.2).Locate the JMeter executable for your system within the
binsubdirectory of the extracted directory.On Linux & macOS, the executable is
jmeter.On Windows, the executable is
jmeter.bat.
Use the command line to run the executable file for JMeter. The example commands below to start up JMeter assume you installed version 5.6.2 within the current user’s home directory.
~/apache-jmeter-5.6.2/bin/jmeterC:\Users\__placeholder0\bin\jmeter.bat
You should see the JMeter GUI start up:
bin directory to your shell path to start up JMeter with the simpler jmeter command.How to Start Load Testing with JMeter
You can now start using JMeter to load test web application. JMeter’s GUI provides a set of tools for building a test plan, including recording browser actions for modeling user behavior. Afterward, execute the plan using JMeter’s CLI and see how your applications respond to testing.
To help get started, this tutorial also includes steps for creating a simple web application to run JMeter against. This provides a clear demonstration of how JMeter works so you can try it out before using JMeter on your own applications.
Preparing an Example Application
To create a base web application to test with JMeter, follow the steps here on an application server. These steps specifically assume a Linode Compute Instance server is used. The instructions should work with most Debian-based and RHEL-derived distributions.
Follow our guide on how to Install and Use the Node Package Manager (NPM) on Linux. NPM handles the installation of the application framework and its dependencies as well as running the example application itself.
Next.js works well for this example as it can create a base web application with only a few commands. Use the commands here to create a base Next.js project named
example-appusing thecreate-next-appexecutor. These commands put the application in the current user’s home directory and then changes into the new application directory.Linode Instance Terminalcd ~ npx create-next-app example-app cd example-appAnswer the prompts however you like or simply stick with the default values.
Learn more about building web applications with Next.js in our guide Getting Started with Next.js.
Open port
3000on your system’s firewall. This is the default port for the example Next.js application. This port needs to be open in order for your browser and JMeter to access the application.For Debian-based distributions refer to our guide on How to Configure a Firewall with UFW.
For RHEL-derived distributions refer to our guide on Enabling and Configuring FirewallD on CentOS.
Start up the Next.js application. This runs the included “Welcome” application on a development server. While this should not be used for production applications, it works well to demonstrate JMeter’s capabilities.
Linode Instance Terminalnpm run devTo verify that the example application is running, open a web browser and navigate to port
3000on your system’s public IP address. For example, if your system’s public IP address is192.0.2.17, you would navigate tohttp://192.0.2.17:3000.
Creating a JMeter Test Plan
JMeter test plans are created within the JMeter GUI. From there, JMeter provides a range of tools for specifying how web applications should be accessed and tested. JMeter even includes a recording feature for recording user behavior using browser actions.
Learn more about building test plans in JMeter’s Building a Test Plan documentation. For the particular kind of test plan shown here, also refer to JMeter’s Building a Web Test Plan documentation.
The example test plan developed in this section specifically models web application access by several simultaneous users. The test verifies that users are able to access the page and that the page delivers the expected content. From this base test, you can easily expand both the number of modeled users and extent of scenarios to fit your particular needs.
In the JMeter GUI, choose File > Templates from the top menu bar.
Select Building a Web Test Plan from the dropdown then click the Create button. This creates a test plan from a template specifically for testing web applications.
The left pane should now have a test plan named build-web-test-plan. Under it, select the Scenario 1 item.
Doing so opens a Thread Group form. A thread group essentially defines a group of modeled users to run against a web application.
For this example test plan, complete the form as follows and leave any values not mentioned here at their defaults:
Number of Threads (users):
50Ramp-up period (seconds):
1Loop Count:
5Duration (seconds):
30
Use the arrow to expand Scenario 1 to reveal HTTP and other configurations. These define how the modeled users (threads) should interact with the web application.
Select the HTTP Requests Default item. This sets up the default values for HTTP requests made by the modeled users. Use the values listed below, leaving anything not mentioned at its default:
Server Name or IP: The public IP address or domain name for your web application (e.g.
192.0.2.45)Port Number:
3000
Optional: Select the Home Page item. This defines a specific HTTP request to be made by the modeled users. For this example, you do not need to change anything. However, it’s helpful to familiarize yourself with this item to understand how to customize it later.
For example, you would likely want similar HTTP request items, spaced with waiting intervals, for each page on your web application. These would then model a user’s journey through the application.
Should you want to add a new HTTP request item, you could do so with the following steps:
Right-click (or control-click on macOS) the thread group, named Scenario 1 in the template.
Select Add > Sampler > HTTP Request from the menu.
Select the resulting item from the left menu, and use the form to customize it to your needs.
Nested beneath the Home Page item is an Assertion item. Select this to get a Response Assertion form, which has JMeter look for a particular feature in the response.
Under Patterns to Test, remove the default content and replace it with the following:
src/pages/index.tsx</code>
This establishes a test condition that when a modeled user accesses the home page, they should have the given text within the response.
When finished, use the Save option from the top toolbar or from the File menu to save the test plan. For this example, the test plan is saved as:
On Linux & macOS:
~/build-web-test-plan.jmxOn Windows:
C:\Users\EXAMPLE_USER\build-web-test-plan.jmx
The test plan is now ready to run. Exit the JMeter GUI, and continue on to the next section to see how the test plan performs.
Running the JMeter Load Test
To start running a load test with JMeter, you need to use its command-line interface (CLI). Access the CLI just as you would the GUI, but add the -n option to the command.
There are a few other command-line options you should leverage to help effectively run load tests with JMeter:
-t: designates the location of your test plan-l: designates a location for a log file-e: tells JMeter to create a report-o: designates a directory to store the report in
Use all of these together to run a load test using the test plan developed above. The example command here assumes the JMeter installation and the test plan are stored as described further above. Additionally, the command creates a log file in the same directory as the test plan, along with another directory for the report.
~/apache-jmeter-5.6.2/bin/jmeter -n -t ~/build-web-test-plan.jmx -l ~/build-web-test-logs.jtl -e -o ~/build-web-test-reports/C:\Users\__placeholder0\build-web-test-reports\The load test begins immediately, and you should see summary output in the command-line terminal similar to the following:
Creating summariser <summary>
Created the tree successfully using ../build-web-test-plan.jmx
Starting standalone test @ 2023 Apr 20 15:55:51 CDT (1682024151151)
Waiting for possible Shutdown/StopTestNow/HeapDump/ThreadDump message on port 4445
Warning: Nashorn engine is planned to be removed from a future JDK release
summary = 500 in 00:00:11 = 44.2/s Avg: 474 Min: 84 Max: 1319 Err: 0 (0.00%)
Tidying up ... @ 2023 Apr 20 15:56:03 CDT (1682024163082)
... end of runWhen the load test finishes, the report is available as an HTML file located in the report directory specified in the command. Using the example above, the file is located at either ~/build-web-test-report/index.html or C:\Users\example-user\build-web-test-report\index.html. Simply open the index.html file with a Web browser to view the report.
Conclusion
This lays the basis to start using JMeter to load test web applications. The features covered above provide plenty to establish basic web application testing. However, JMeter has more features to offer. Explore them further in the JMeter documentation linked below and throughout this tutorial.
More Information
You may wish to consult the following resources for additional information on this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will be useful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness of externally hosted materials.
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